This paper applies the Q-learning method, a reinforcement learning (RL) technique, to a quadrotor for finding a Low-Noise trajectory while avoiding obstacles. The proposed method introduces a novel Q-value function, resulting in obtaining a 2D surface that preserves the features of the environment. Therefore, the path-finding problem in a 3D space is simplified into a 2D space problem. Since the data is obtained based on the pre-calculated 2D surface, online path planning in the presence of unpredictable environmental changes is handled with markedly reduced computational complexities, effectively resolving a significant challenge in this area. The Q-learning algorithm is developed by defining two cost functions to avoid obstacles and reduce the observers' perceived Noise level. To find the Noise Sound Pressure Level (SPL), the perceived Noise model is derived through the Gutin equation. In addition, the Octomap 3D optimizer is used to map the obstacles. Compared to the related works, Noise observers are used vertically and horizontally, leading to more accurate environmental details. Moreover, the proposed algorithm leads to global optimal paths and avoids local minimum points commonly produced by similar optimization approaches. Finally, the performance of the proposed methodology in path finding and Noise reduction is further demonstrated via a practical example of a quadrotor.

With regards to wireless receiver systems, the effects of Noise from all the folLowing phases can be reduced using the gain of the Low-Noise amplifier (LNA). Therefore, boosting the specified signal power without adding a lot of Noise and distortion will be necessary for the signal to be retrievable in the later phases or stages of the system. The proposed method in this study for Noise reduction is based on the combination of two techniques: reversed-phase Noise signal and non-reversed phase signal. The theoretical model for Noise cancellation is presented along with the equations for the overall Noise value, which are derived based on a two-port model. The circuit design is implemented using the 𝑇 𝑆 𝑀 𝐶 0. 18 𝜇 𝑚 𝐶 𝑀 𝑂 𝑆 𝑅 𝐹 technology on a Cadence Spectre RF tool. The current study also implemented a CMOS UWB LNA configuration with inter-stage matching as well as shunt-series inductive peaking. This design uses inductive source degeneration cascode technology along with an inter-stage matching network. Moreover, to boost impedance matching and power gain, a Chebyshev band pass filter is placed at the input while a shunt-series inductive peaking is placed at the output.

The Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) stands as a crucial element RF receiver chain, demanding a delicate interplay of characteristics such as high gain, Low Noise figure (NF), superior linearity, and an extensive dynamic range. De-signing an ultrawideband (UWB) LNA poses a complex challenge as engineers grapple with intricate trade-offs inherent in these parameters. To address these challenges, Noise cancellation techniques have emerged as valuable tools, revolutionizing the design of UWB LNAs by relaxing the traditional trade-off between bandwidth and input matching. This innovative approach not only enhances bandwidth but also effectively cancels out the un-desirable Noise and nonlinearities from the input MOSFET. Despite the advancements afforded by Noise cancellation, the broad bandwidth of UWB LNAs presents a significant hurdle. If the linearity is insufficient, the UWB LNA faces performance degradation due to increase in-band interference. In response, this article proposes an inventive linearization technique, a combination of Noise Cancelling (NC) and complementary derivative super-position (CDS), aiming to increase the linearity of UWB LNAs. Through meticulous simulations conducted using Cadence Virtuoso with GPDK090 library, the proposed LNA showcases impressive performance metrics across the UWB spectrum. Notably, it achieves a gain ranging from 12.5 dB to 15.5 dB, a Noise figure within the range of 3.9 dB to 5.26 dB, and an IIP3 spanning from 6.3 dBm to 8.8 dBm. Remarkably, this innovative LNA accomplishes these feats while operating with a modest power consumption of 11.36 mW from a 1.2 V supply. This groundbreaking technique holds promise for significantly enhancing the efficiency and overall performance of UWB LNAs within contemporary RF receiver systems.